TE 99 UNIVERSAL WEAR MACHINE

 





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    Background

    The TE 99 was formerly known as the Eyre/BICERI Universal Wear Machine and has a worldwide user base. The original machine design was made by Dr. Terry Eyre of Brunel University and Neale Consulting Engineers and it was subsequently marketed and manufactured by BICERI Limited.
    The Universal Wear Machine is suited to the wear testing of materials in pin on disc or pin on plate modes. The TE 99 has a Class 1 contact configuration (pin or ball loaded vertically downwards onto a horizontally rotating disc) and may perform tests according to the guidelines laid out in ASTM G 99, DIN 50 324 and ISO/DIS 7148-2. In reciprocating mode the machine can perform tests according to ASTM F 732.
    The operating ranges can be extended with options for a heated lubricant enclosure, a reciprocating plate adapter and fixtures for piston-ring/cylinder liner specimens in reciprocating mode.

    Description

    The machine base frame holds the disc carrier spindle and the load/friction measurement system assembly in a fixed, accurately aligned, orientation.
    The test pin is fixed in a sliding carriage clamped to the load beam. Nominally flat on flat contact is possible with a level load beam, but in practice this is difficult to achieve. Balls and pins with a radius, conical or triangular tip are recommended as these self-align when they wear.
    The load beam is counter-balanced and pivots at one end on suspended roller bearings. At the other end of the beam, large weights are supported on a weight carrier that overhangs the base plate and small weights rest on the beam located by a steel peg. The wide load range achievable allows parametric studies to be made based on load. It should be noted that there can be considerable inertial effects at higher loads caused by weight bounce and this can influence the wear rates and/or mechanisms. This problem can be more acute with high hardness test materials.
    The load beam pivot is trunnion mounted. When the beam is horizontal, it is restrained from transverse movement by a strain gauge force transducer. A retaining clamp maintains the beam in contact with the transducer at all times, ensuring that bi-directional forces generated in pin on disc and reciprocating contacts are measured.
    The transducer output connects to a strain gauge amplifier and the output from this is passed through a true rms/dc converter and then connected to the interface to give averaged friction readings in both uni-directional and reciprocating pin on plate modes.

    Disc Carrier

    The test disc is mounted on the disc carrier spindle and secured by a central bolt. The spindle is driven through a pulley belt by the vector controlled a.c. motor mounted beneath the machine. The motor has encoder feedback to ensure stable running speeds.
    The track radius is set by moving the pin carriage along the beam and locking in place. This permits multiple tests to be performed on one disc specimen with a spacing of 2 mm between tracks. An integral scale on the beam is used to determine the radius set.

    Wear Measurement

    An indication of wear processes going on in the contact is given by a linear potentiometer mounted on the pin carriage. This transducer measures the vertical movement of the pin relative to a fixed datum during a test (this can be due to wear, thermal expansion and wear debris generation).

    Contact Potential Measurement

    The pin carriage is electrically isolated from the load beam and therefore from the disc specimen. This allows a small potential to be applied across the contact from a Lunn-Furey Contact Resistance Circuit. The connection to the disc spindle is via a slip-ring.
    Variations in the voltage across the contact are indicative of the amount of contact between the pin and disc specimens provided that both are conductors of electricity. Maximum voltage (typically 40 mV) corresponds to no contact (open circuit) while zero voltage corresponds to full contact (closed circuit). The voltage signal will typically fluctuate rapidly during a test so an rms signal is used for recording purposes.
    This kind of measurement is extremely useful when working with lubricants containing additives, solid lubricants and surface coatings. The contact measurement can be used to assess the formation and breakdown of high resistance chemically bonded films on the metal surfaces and the failure of coatings/films in the contact.

    Calibration

    The most important parameters to calibrate on the TE 99 are the friction force and wear. Included with the machine are a pulley, cord and weights to apply a tangential force to the load beam for friction calibration and a slip gauge for wear calibration.

    Control and Data Acquisition

    Control and data acquisition are implemented via host PC running COMPEND 2020 Windows compatible software, in conjunction with a Phoenix Tribology USB micro-controller interface.
    Automatic control is implemented via user programmable test sequences. Manual control is implemented using on screen toggles. Data is stored to hard disc in either .csv or .tsv file formats.

    TE 99/R Reciprocating Pin on Plate Adapter

    The Reciprocating Pin on Plate Adapter mounts on the machine base plate to the right of the drive spindle. The trunnion mounted load beam/friction sensing system is also moved to the right so that the test pin is located at the centre of the plate stroke.

    The fixed plate specimen is located on two screw fittings in a stainless steel reservoir. The reservoir is clamped to a block that is heated by electrical resistance elements and the temperature is monitored by a thermocouple pressed against the side of the specimen or holder. The reservoir can be moved sideways on the heater block so that multiple tests can be performed on one plate specimen.
    The heater block is mounted on a small base plate, restrained to move in a horizontal plane by linear bearings. This plate is reciprocated by means of a simple crank connected to the drive spindle. The crank pin position may be adjusted to provide a range of strokes.
    The reciprocating adapter offers a valuable extension to the operating range of the TE 99. In particular the reciprocating contact offers a more realistic simulation of some practical contact situations (for instance reciprocating seals, piston ring and cylinder liner and other repeating contacts). The maximum operational frequency at 110 mm stroke is limited to 1 Hz for reasons of machine vibration. Higher frequencies are permissible provided that the total stroke is reduced (e.g. 5 Hz at 50 mm stroke).
    The primary role of the pin on disc machine is as a tool for the analysis of the wear of materials. The reciprocating pin on plate adapter is likewise a tool for the analysis of wear. One of the chief differences is in the dynamics of wear particles. In the pin on disc, the particles are free to move away from the contact area, whereas in the reciprocating contact there is a much higher chance of the particles being involved in the contact and to contribute to the friction characteristics.
    The reciprocating adapter is also more suitable to the study of abrasion than the pin on disc mode, again because of the way in which the abrasive particles will be involved in the contact region. The linear motion makes this mode suitable for studying different surface finishing techniques.

    TE 99/LE Lubricant Enclosure

    The TE 99/LE is a stainless steel enclosure that mounts over the drive spindle. It is sealed against the rotating shaft and provided with a lid to permit tests to be run with the disc fully immersed in fluid. Electrical resistance heater elements are mounted in the base of the enclosure to allow the fluid temperature to be controlled up to 200°C. Thermocouples are provided to monitor the enclosure and fluid temperatures.
    The fluid may be fed by gravity or circulated through the enclosure using the TE 99/LS or other suitable circulation system. The feed position is on the lid close to the in-running side of the contact and the drain is located at the base of the enclosure.

    TE 99/LS Lubricant Recirculating System

    The Lubricant Recirculating System uses an anodised aluminium bath and lid with inlet, outlet and thermocouple ports. The bath is mounted on a laboratory heater/stirrer unit. A magnetic paddle is placed inside the bath to ensure that the liquid is heated evenly. The temperature of the liquid is monitored by the thermocouple mounted in the lid and the value is read off from a free-standing temperature display unit. The temperature set-point is selected manually on the heater unit.
    There are two integrated peristaltic pumps, one to pump liquid from the bath to a test adapter and one to scavenge the fluid from the test adapter and return it back to the bath. The scavenge pump does not have to be used if the fluid is of low viscosity (eg water) when a gravity return is sufficient.

    TE 99/HT Heating & Temperature Sensing Package

    The TE 99/HT comprises a stainless steel enclosure, a method of heating and a temperature sensor. The enclosure surrounds the disc specimen and has an inlet and outlet port and a lid with access for the pin specimen and a viewing port.
    The air heating system consists of a high power air blower with electrical resistance heating element. The hot jet is directed into the inlet port of the enclosure and the exhaust is directed to a chimney covering the outlet port.
    The temperature of the disc specimen is measured using an optical pyrometer. The pyrometer is a non-contacting device with a focal distance of 76 mm (distance between the lens and the disc edge) with a k-type thermocouple output. The pyrometer is used to monitor and control the temperature in the enclosure.

    TE 99/LCA Line Contact Adapter

    Sample holders for running tests with piston ring and cylinder liner on the TE 99/R Reciprocating Adapter. This incorporates a self-alignment mechanism to ensure face contact is maintained.
     

  • Technical Specifications

    Rotational Speed: 20 to 2,000 rpm
    Equivalent Sliding Speed: 0.05 m/s to 8 m/s
    Radius of Test Track: 0 to 38 mm
    Dead Weight Loading Range: 5 to 2,000 N
    Friction Force: 0 to 50 N and
    0 to 1,000 N
    Wear Measurement: Linear Potentiometer 0 to 2.5 mm
    Resolution better than 2 µm
    Contact Potential: 40 mV dc signal
    Temperature Sensing: k-type thermocouples
    Disc Specimen: 75 mm diameter x 8 mm thick
    Pin Specimen: 8 mm diameter
    Ball Specimen: 6 mm diameter
    Motor: 2.3 kW ac vector
    Interface: Phoenix Tribology USB micro-controller interface
    Software: COMPEND 2020
    TE 99/R Reciprocating Plate Adapter
    Stroke: 0 to 110 mm (continuous variation)
    Frequency: 0.5 to 15 Hz
    1 Hz max. at 110 mm stroke
    5 Hz max. at 50 mm stroke
    15 Hz max. at 2 mm stroke
    Heating Power: 800 W
    Temperature: ambient to 400°C
    Plate Dimensions: 120 mm x 40 mm x 3 mm thick
    TE 99/HT Heating & Temperature Sensing Package
    Temperature Range: up to 400°C
    Air Heating Power: 2.8 kW
    Temperature sensing: Optical Pyrometer
    TE 99/LE Lubricant Enclosure
    Bath Volume: 150 ml
    Heating Power: 400 W
    Temperature Range: ambient to 200°C
    TE 99/LS Lubricant Recirculating System
    Bath Volume: 1.2 litres
    Peristaltic Pump Flow: 1 litre/minute (maximum)
    Heating Power: 550 W
    Temperature Range: ambient to 100°C
    Automatically Controlled Parameters Rotational Speed
    Temperature
    Test Duration
    Manually Controlled Parameters Load
    Measured Parameters Rotational Speed
    Wear
    Friction Force
    Temperatures
    Contact Potential
    Number of Revolutions
    Test Duration
    Sliding Speed
    Friction Coefficient
    Sliding Distance
    Services
    Electricity: 220/240V, single phase, 50 Hz, 7.5 kW
    110/120 V, single phase, 60 Hz, 7.5 kW
    Installation
    Floor-standing: 900 mm wide x 600 mm deep x 1,200 mm high, 250 kg
    Control cabinet: 530 mm x 800 mm x 300 mm high, 20 kg

  • Applications

    ball on disc
    ball on plate
    bore polish
    ceramics
    coatings
    cylinder liner materials
    friction materials
    pin on disc
    pin on plate
    piston ring materials
    piston skirt materials
    PV diagrams
    reciprocating sliding
    ring and liner
    self-lubricating materials
    sliding line contact
    wear mapping

  • Publications

    Paper # 161  Metallographic Aspects of Wear
    Eyre T S, Wilson F,
    Metals and Materials, 3(3), 1969, 86-91.
    Paper # 162  The Dry Sliding Wear Characteristics of Copper With and Without 0.08 Silver
    Eyre T S, Wibberley R,
    Wear 13, 1969, 27-38.
    Paper # 163  Wear Characteristics of Flake and Nodular Graphite Cast Iron
    Eyre T S, Iles R P, Glasson D W,
    Wear 13, 1969, 229-245.
    Paper # 164  Effect of Matrix Structure and Hardness on the Wear Characteristics of an S.G. Cast Iron
    Eyre T S,
    Wear l4, 1969, 107-117.
    Paper # 165  The Relationship Between Load and Sliding Distance in the Initiation of Mild Wear in Steels
    Farrell R M, Eyre T S,
    Wear 15 (5), 1970, 359-372
    Paper # 166  Surface Aspects of Unlubricated Metal to Metal Wear
    Eyre T S, Maynard D,
    Wear 18, 1971, 301-310.
    Paper # 167  Development of Materials for Automobile Crankshafts
    Eyre T S, Lea M,
    Engineering Materials and Design, 15, 1972, 327-333.
    Paper # 168  Running-in Characteristics of Graphitic Cast Iron
    Eyre T S, Maynard D,
    Institution of Mechanical Engineers, l9th Conference of Tribology Group, Paper C101/72 (1972).
    Paper # 170  The Formation of White Layers at Rubbing Surfaces
    Eyre T S, Baxter A,
    Metals and Materials, 6, 1972, 435-439.
    Paper # 171  Effect of Phosphorus on the Friction and Wear Characteristics of Grey Cast Iron
    Eyre T S, Williams P,
    Wear 24, 1973, 337-349.
    Paper # 172  Friction and Wear of Some Engineering Materials Against Chromium Plating
    Gologan V, Eyre T S,
    Wear 28, 1974, 49-57.
    Paper # 173  Assessing the Durability of Electro-deposited Metal Films
    Briscoe B, Eyre T S,, Gologan V,
    Wear 28, 1974, 271-275.
    Paper # 174  Use of the Scanning Electron Microscope in Wear Studies
    Eyre T S, Dutta K K,
    ASLE/ASME Conference 1974, ASLE Paper 74-LC1B-1.
    Paper # 175  Some Metallurgical Aspects of Scuffing
    Eyre T S, Dutta K K,
    Proc. I. Mech. E. International Conference on Scuffing, 1975, Paper C74/75.
    Paper # 176  Effect of Boronising on Friction and Wear of Ferrous Metals
    Eyre T S,
    Wear 34(3), 1975, 383-397.
    Paper # 177  Wear of Sintered Metals
    Eyre T S, Walker R K,
    Powder Metallurgy, 1(1), 1976, 22-30.
    Paper # 178  Wear Characteristics of Metals
    Eyre T S,
    Tribology International, 9(5), 1976, 203-212.
    Paper # 179  The Effect of Phosphating on the Friction and Wear Properties of Grey Cast Iron
    Perry J, Eyre T S,
    Wear 43, 1977, 185-197.
    Paper # 180  Effect of Boronising on Adhesive Wear of Titanium Alloys
    Eyre T S, Alsalim H,
    Tribology International, 10(5), 1977, 281-285.
    Paper # 181  Wear of Aluminium Silicon Alloys
    Shivanath R, Sengupta P K, Eyre T S,
    The British Foundryman, 70(12), 1977, 349-356.
    Paper # 182  The Mechanisms of Wear
    Eyre T S,
    Tribology International, April 1978, 91-96.????
    Paper # 183  The Use of a Replica Technique to Study Wear
    Eyre T S,
    Tribology International, 11(4), 1978, 241-242.
    Paper # 184  Cylinder Liner Wear in Low Speed Diesel Engines
    Nadel J, Eyre T S,
    Tribology International, 11(5), 1978, 267-271.
    Paper # 185  A Practical Interpretation of Unlubricated Wear Data for Some Non-Ferrous Metals
    Stott G, Eyre T S,
    Wear 50, 1978, 285-297.
    Paper # 186  The Metallurgy and Wear Characteristics of Boride Coatings
    Eyre T S, Morri J,
    Heat Treatment of Metals, 4(5), 1978, 103-105.
    Paper # 187  Wear Resistance of Metals
    Eyre T S,
    Treatise on Materials Science and Technology, Volume 13 “Wear”, Scott D. ed., Academic Press Inc., 1979.
    Paper # 188  Tribological Characteristics of Diffusion Coatings
    Eyre T S,
    The Institution of Metallurgists, Surface Treatments for Protection, Spring Review Course, Series 3, No. 10, April 1978.
    Paper # 189  The Effect of Surface Topography on the Wear of Steel
    Shafia R A, Eyre T S,
    Wear 61(1), 1980, 87-100.
    Paper # 190  Wear of Aluminium Alloys
    Eyre T S,
    Microstructural Science Vol. 8, Proceedings of the 12th Annual Technical Meeting of the International Metallographic Society, Stevens, Vandervoort and McGall eds., 1980.
    Paper # 191  Wear Characteristics of Piston Rings and Cylinder Liners
    Eyre T S, Dent N, Dale P,
    ASLE Lubrication Engineering, 4(4), 1981, 216-221.
    Paper # 192  Wear Mechanisms
    Eyre T S,
    Powder Metallurgy, 24(2), 1981, 57-63.
    Paper # 193  Wear Diagnosis by Metallurgical Means
    Eyre T S,
    ASLE Lubrication Engineering, 7(1), 1981, 603-607.
    Paper # 194  Oxidative Wear of Aluminium Alloys
    Eyre T S, Razavizadeh K,
    Wear 79, 1982, 325-333.
    Paper # 195  Oxidative Wear of Aluminium Alloys
    Eyre T S, Razavizadeh K,
    Wear 87(3), 1983, 261-271.
    Paper # 196  Wear of a Cobalt and a Nickel Alloy
    Abdul-Mahdi F S, Eyre T S,
    ASLE Lubrication Engineering, 40(4), 1984, 218-224.
    Paper # 198  Wear of Aluminium Alloys
    Eyre T S,
    Metals Society World, 3(1), 1984, 11-12.
    Paper # 199  An Investigation Into The Failure of a Slew Ring Type Bearing Taken From a Single Point Mooring
    Eyre T S,
    In Tribology Offshore, ISBN 85298 5231, MEP, 1984, 15-24.
    Paper # 200  Wear of Digger Teeth
    Mashloosh K M, Akbasoglu F C, Eyre T S,
    Tribology in Mineral Extraction, War on Wear, ISBN 085298 5436, Paper C343/84, 1984, 29-34.
    Paper # 201  A Study Of Some Cylinder Liner Wear Problems Following the Introduction of High Speed Trains On British Rail
    Eyre T S,
    Proc. I. Mech. E. Conference, “Combustion Engines, Reduction of Friction and Wear”, ISBN 085298 5592, C74/85, 1985, 139-153.
    Paper # 202  Wear of Coatings on Aluminium and its Alloys
    Abdul-Mahdi F S, Eyre T S,
    First International Conference on Surface Engineering, The Welding Institute, 1985, p16, 203-222.
    Paper # 203  Abrasive Wear and its Application to Digger Teeth
    Mashloosh K M, Eyre T S,
    Tribology International, 18(5), 1986, 259-266.
    Paper # 204  Friction and Wear of Aluminium and its Alloys
    Eyre T S, Abdul-Mahdi F S,
    Aluminium Technology, Institute of Metals, Paper 100, 1986, 485-492.
    Paper # 205  Friction and Wear of Some Ceramics in an Overhead Finger Follower System
    Eyre T S, Benson J,
    S.A.E. Paper 860398, 1986.
    Paper # 206  Effect of Attack Angle in Abrasive Wear
    Mashloosh K M, Eyre T S,
    Metals and Materials, 2(7), 1986, 426-430.
    Paper # 207  Wear of Ceramics Under Sliding Conditions
    Arbabi H, Eyre T S,
    Metals and Materials, 2(10), 1986, 625-630.
    Paper # 208  Investigation into the Lubricating Effectiveness of Molybdenum Disulphide Dispersion in a Fully Formulated Oil
    Arbabi H, Eyre T S,
    Tribology International, 19(2), 1986, 87-91.
    Paper # 209  Bore Polishing Identification and Simulation
    Al-Khalidi G F, Eyre T S,
    Tribology International, 20(1), 1987, 18-24.
    Paper # 210  Selecting the Optimum Surfacing Technique for Wear Resistance
    Eyre T S,
    Proc. 2nd International Conference on Surface Engineering, The Welding Institute, 1987, 43-1 to 43-14.
    Paper # 211  Wear of Hard Coatings on Aluminium Under Both Dry and Lubricated Conditions
    Eyre T S, Abdul-Mahdi F S,
    Proc. 2nd International Conference on Surface Engineering, The Welding Institute, 1987, 2-1 to 2-16.
    Paper # 212  Influence of Ion Implantation in Extending Tool Life in Polymer Processing
    Furze D, Eyre T S,
    Surface Engineering, 4(3), 1988, 227-232.
    Paper # 213  Development of Tribo-Test Methods
    Eyre T S,
    Eurotrib ’89 Congress, Helsinki, June 1989, Vol. 5, 142-149.
    Paper # 214  The Testing of Materials in Tribology
    Eyre T S, Davis F A,
    Surface Stability, Institute of Metals, 1989, 186-240.
    Paper # 215  Characterisation and Simulation of Wear Occurring in the Cylinder Bore of the Internal Combustion Engine
    Eyre T S, Dutta K K,, Davis F A,
    Proc. I. Mech. E. Conference “Combustion Engines, Reduction of Friction and Wear”, C375/029, ISBN 085298 6955, 1989, 125-132. And reproduced Tribology International, 23(1), 1990, 11-16.
    Paper # 216  Friction and Wear Control in Industry
    Eyre T S,
    Proceeding Nordtrib ’90, Hirtsals, Denmark, ISBN 87-983538-0-2, 1990, 31-46.
    Paper # 217  Tribological Characteristics of Engineering Ceramics
    Eyre T S,
    11th RISO International Symposium, Roskilde, Denmark, 13-26.
    Paper # 218  The Effect of a Friction Modifier on Piston Ring and Cylinder Bore Friction and Wear
    Davis F A, Eyre T S,
    Tribology International, 23(3), 1990, 163-171.
    Paper # 219  Friction and Wear Control in Industry
    Eyre T S,
    Metals and Materials, 7(3), 1991, 143-148.
    Paper # 221  The Effect of Silicon Content and Morphology on the Wear of Aluminium/Silicon Alloys under Dry and Lubricated Conditions
    Davis F A, Eyre T S,
    Tribology International, 27(3), 1994, 171-181.
    Paper # 222  Adhesive Wear and Rolling Contact Fatigue Performance of P/M Materials made from Mixtures of Low and High Alloy Ferrous Powders
    Nurthen P D, Brewin P R, Davis T, Whitehead J A,
    MPIF Conference, “Advances in Powder Metallurgy & Particulate Materials, San Francisco, Vol. 6, 1992, 265-279.
    Paper # 223  Wear Performance of Compositions made by Low Alloy Iron/High Alloy Powder Mixtures
    Nurthen P D, Davis T, Wood J V, Cadle T, Landgraf C,
    MPIF Conference, “P/M Reaching New Heights”, Chicago, Vol. 5, 1991, 135.
    Paper # 224  A New P/M Stainless Steel with Improved Corrosion and Wear Resistance
    Saunders J P, Nurthen P D, Trilk N, Woods P,
    MPIF Conference, 1993.
    Paper # 225  Diamond Like Carbon Coatings via a Low Temperature Hybrid PACVD Process
    Tither D, Ahmed W, Ahmed E,
    Presented at 4th International Symposium on Advanced Materials ISAM-95, Islamabad, Pakistan, 1995.
    Paper # 231  A Study of the Performance and Properties of Diamond Like Carbon (DLC) Coatings Deposited by Plasma Chemical Vapour Deposition (CVD) for Two-Stroke Engine Components
    Tither D, Ahmed W, Sarwar M, Penlington R,
    Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Heat-Resistant Materials, Natesan K, Ganesan P. and Lai G. Eds., Gatlinburg, Tennessee, 11-14 September 1995, 457-461.
    Paper # 235  Palm Oil and Mineral Oil Based Lubricants Their Tribological and Emission Performance
    Masjuski H H, Maleque M A, Kubo A, Nonaka T,
    Tribology International, 32(6), 1999, 305-314.
    Paper # 239  Comparison of Sliding and Abrasive Wear Mechanisms for Cemented Carbides and Ceramics.
    Almond E A, Lay L A, Gee M G,
    Proceedings of 2nd International Conference on the Science of Hard Materials, Institute of Physics Conference Series No 75: p919, Adam Hilger, 1986.
    Paper # 240  Results from a UK Interlaboratory Project on Dry Sliding Wear.
    Almond E A, Gee M G,
    Wear 120 (1987)101.
    Paper # 241  Some Observations of Ceramic-Metal Sliding Wear.
    Gee M G,
    British Ceramics Proceedings, 39(1987)141.
    Paper # 243  Ceramic Wear Testing and Design.
    Gee M G, Almond E A,
    Materials Engineering and Design, Eds B F Dyson and D R Hayhurst, Proceedings of the I of M meeting on Materials and Design, May 1988, 1989, Institute of Metals, p.159.
    Paper # 244  Effects from vibrations in wear testing of ceramics.
    Gee M G, Almond E A,
    Mat Sci Technol, 4(1988)655.
    Paper # 245  Effects of Test Variables in Wear Testing of Ceramics.
    Gee M G, Almond E A,
    Mat Sci Technol, 4(1988)877.
    Paper # 246  Effect of Surface Finish on the Sliding Wear of Alumina.
    Gee M G, Almond E A,
    J Mat Sci, 25(1990)296.
    Paper # 249  The Effects of Surrounding Atmosphere on the Wear of Sintered Alumina.
    Perez-Unzueta A J, Beynon J H, Gee M G,
    To be published in Wear.
    Paper # 250  Results from a UK interlaboratory exercise on the wear of alumina.
    Gee M G,
    ASTM STP 1167, Wear Testing of Advanced Materials, pp. 129-150.
    Paper # 251  Effect of Test Machine Dynamics on the Sliding Wear of Alumina, Wear Testing of Advanced Materials.
    Gee M G,
    ASTM STP 1167, pp.24-44.
    Paper # 252  Modification to the Surface Layers of Alumina in Sliding Wear.
    Gee M G,
    British Ceramic Proceedings, 48(1991)11-25.
    Paper # 253  The Formation of Glass in the Wear of Reaction Bonded Silicon Nitride.
    Gee M G,
    J Appl Phys D, 1A(1992)A182-A188.
    Paper # 254  The Application of Confocal Scanning Microscopy to the Examination of Ceramic Wear Surfaces.
    Gee M G, McCormick N J,
    J Appl Phys D, 1A(1992)A230-235.
    Paper # 255  The Formation of Aluminium Hydroxide in the Sliding Wear of Alumina.
    Gee M G,
    Wear 153(1992)201-227.
    Paper # 256  Sliding Wear of Alumina.
    Gee M G,
    J Hard Materials, 3(1992)363-377.
    Paper # 258  Wear Metrology: The Art of Determining a Material’s Performance.
    Gee M G,
    Materials World, May 1993.
    Paper # 260  Wear Testing and Ceramics.
    Gee M G,
    Proc Instn Mech Engrs, 208(1994)153-166.
    Paper # 267  Measurement of Friction Under Simulated Metal Working Conditions in Miniaturised Test Systems.
    Gee M G, Loveday M S, Brookes M R,
    1997
    Paper # 303  Combined effect of speed and humidity on the wear of silicon nitride.
    Gee M G, Butterfield D,
    NPL Report DMM (A)36, September 1991.
    Paper # 304  Guidelines for Unlubricated Sliding Wear Tests: Part 1, General Approach.
    Gee M G,
    NPL Report DMM(A)96, April 1993.
    Paper # 305  Guidelines for Unlubricated Sliding Wear Tests: Part 2, Procedures for Pin-on-Disc Testing.
    Gee M G,
    NPL Report DMM(A)97, April 1993.
    Paper # 312  Development and Validation of Test Methods for Thin Hard Coatings (FASTE).
    Vetters H, Meneve J, Jennett N M, Gee M G, von Stebut J, Kelly P,
    SMT Contract MAT1-CT 9400045, April 1998.
    Paper # 350  Laboratory Test Rig Simulation of Bore Polish
    Gondal A K, Davis F A, Eyre T S,
    Materials Science and Technology January 1998 Vol 14
    Paper # 375  Mapping Sliding Wear of Steel in Aqueous Conditions
    Stack M M, Chi K,
    Wear 255 (2003) 456 – 465
    Paper # 382  Sliding Wear Behaviour of Electrodeposited Cobalt-tungsten and Cobalt-tungsten-iron Alloys
    Capel H, Shipway P H, Harris S J,
    Wear 255 (2003) 917 – 923
    Paper # 852  The effects of cryogenic processing on the wear resistance of grey cast iron brake discs
    R Thornton, T Slatter, AH Jones
    Wear Volume 271, Issues 9-10, 29 July 2011, Pages 2386-2395
    Paper # 905  The Real Measurement of Wear using Ultrasonic Reflectometry
    H Brunskill, P Harper and R Lewis
    World Tribology Congress 2013 Torino, Italy, September 8 – 13, 2013
    Paper # 1187 Enhancement of Wear and Corrosion Resistance of Beta Titanium Alloy by Laser Surface Treatment
    CW Chan, S Lee, G Smith, G Sarri, CH Ng, A Sharba
    Applied Surface Science 2016
    Paper # 1246   Enhancement of Wear and Corrosion Resistance of Beta Titanium Alloy by Laser Technology
    Chi-Wai Chan, Seunghwan Lee, Graham Smith, Gianluca Sarri, Chi-Ho Ng, Ahmed Sharba, Hau-Chung Man
    Applied Surface Science, 367, 30 March 2016
    Paper # 1343   Investigating the functionalisation of poly-ether-ether-ketone surfaces through the application of surface texturing for friction and wear control within all polymeric joint …
    CW Harris
    2019 – etheses.bham.ac.uk

     

  • User List

    Launched 1987

    Wollongong University, Materials Engineering Department Australia
    Oronite, Chevron Chemical SA France
    Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hong Kong
    University of Trento, Dipartimento di Ingeneria dei Material Italy
    Berco SPA Italy
    Samsung Electro-Mechanic Research Centre Korea
    Chum Chon Industrial Master’s College Korea
    University of Malaya Malaysia
    Senter for Industriforskning Norway
    NTU, Institute of Manufacturing Technology Singapore
    Sasoil PTY Ltd South Africa
    Setenasas University Spain
    Inasmet, San Sebastian Spain
    Daros Piston Rings Sweden
    MRL, Industrial Technology Research Institute Taiwan
    Aero Engine Controls UK
    Powdrex Ltd UK
    Lucas Engineering & Systems Ltd UK
    Heriot-Watt University, Department of Mechanical and Chemical Engineering UK
    Fuchs Lubricants, Silkolene Oil UK
    Esso Research Centre UK
    Bath University, School of Materials Science UK
    Northrop Grumman Corporation USA
    Cleveland State University, Chemical Engineering Department USA
    Allied Signal Aerospace USA
    3M Technology Developments Laboratory USA

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